![]() For the emergence of such collective motions, a simple theoretical framework was first pioneered by Vicsek and colleagues ( Vicsek et al., 1995). A characteristic common among these phenomena is that adjacent local interactions produce well-ordered behaviors in a long range, such as homogeneous clustering movements. It is observed in many living organisms over a wide range of length scales: birds in flocks, sperm cells of sea urchins, bacterial colonies, and cytoskeletal filaments ( Parrish and Edelstein-Keshet, 1999 Riedel et al., 2005 Schaller et al., 2010 Zhang et al., 2010 Sumino et al., 2012). Finally, we performed extensive numerical experiments, and the results suggested that the emergence of collective cell movement is derived by an optimal balance between the strength of intercellular adhesion and the intensity of cell migration.Ĭollective motion is an emergent property, in which a multitude of individuals interacting with one another synchronize their movement in a group. Incorporating the quantitative data into a mathematical model, we then confirmed that the model well reproduced the multicellular behaviors we observed, demonstrating that the strength of intercellular adhesion sufficiently determines the generation of collective cell movement. Using a femtosecond-laser-based assay, an original method for estimating intercellular adhesion, we found that the strength of intercellular adhesion has an approximately 13-fold range in our treatments. ![]() Next, we quantitatively measured cellular responses to the Ca 2+ treatments, such as cell growth, cell division, and the strength of intercellular adhesion. When the culturing area confined by a PDMS sheet was suddenly expanded by removing the sheet, the group of cells moved to the expanded area with higher collectivity at higher Ca 2+ concentrations. ![]() First, we observed the dependence of the collective behaviors of cultured human skin cells on Ca 2+ concentrations. In this article we showed the fundamental cellular processes that drive collective cell movement by means of integrated approaches, including precise quantification measurements and mathematical modeling of measured data. However, our understanding of what characterizes the emergence of multicellular collective behavior is still far from complete. In all animals, collective cell movement is an essential process in many events, including wound healing and embryonic development.
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